Objective

To critically appraise interventions aimed at addressing birth trauma (BT), with a focus on reducing postnatal symptoms and improving maternal mental health.

Methods

Searches were conducted across MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycInfo databases. Keywords relating to BT and interventions were combined using Boolean operators. Inclusion criteria were applied, and studies were limited to publication between 2016 and 2026. Eligible studies were critically appraised.

Results

Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Three intervention types were identified: trauma focused psychological therapies; self-help and writing-based interventions; and midwife-led and supportive counselling. Findings indicate that early, structured interventions are the most effective at mitigating the impact of birth trauma. Specifically, cognitive behavioural therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), and visuospatial cognitive tasks consistently reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and intrusive memories. Midwife-led consultations and supportive counselling demonstrate positive results, such as reduced anxiety and improved emotional recovery, while less structured interventions show limited benefit. Secondary outcomes revealed high maternal satisfaction with accessible, tailored support and indicated that brief cognitive tasks are a low-cost, feasible option for maternity wards.

Conclusion

Early, structured psychological interventions are effective in reducing the impact of birth trauma. Trauma-focused approaches including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), EMDR and structured counselling were consistently associated with reductions in postnatal PTSD symptoms, supporting the integration of timely psychological support within postnatal
care pathways.